References

Complete bibliography for the fair-shares project. All citations are drawn from curated rubrics reviewed for climate equity scholarship.

Scope and contributions

We draw on a working subset of the climate equity literature (~30 papers). The sources cited here are illustrative, not exhaustive -- the scholarly conversation is much broader. This collection will be expanded as the project develops. If you notice missing or misrepresented sources, we welcome corrections and additions.

For context on how these inform allocation approaches, see:

• Allocation Approaches
• From Principle to Code
• Other Operations

Inline citations in docs/science/ use [Author YYYY] format.

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[Baer 2009] Paul Baer, Tom Athanasiou, Sivan Kartha, and Eric Kemp-Benedict. "Greenhouse Development Rights: A Proposal for a Fair Global Climate Treaty." Ethics, Place and Environment. DOI: 10.1080/13668790903195495

[Baer 2013] Paul Baer. "The greenhouse development rights framework for global burden sharing: reflection on principles and prospects." WIREs Climate Change. DOI: 10.1002/wcc.201

[Bode 2004] Sven Bode. "Equal Emissions Per Capita Over Time - A Proposal to Combine Responsibility and Equity of Rights for Post-2012 GHG Emission Entitlement Allocation." European Environment. DOI: 10.1002/eet.359

[Budolfson 2021] Mark B. Budolfson, David Anthoff, Francis Dennig, Frank Errickson, Kevin Kuruc, Dean Spears, and Navroz K. Dubash. "Utilitarian benchmarks for emissions and pledges promote equity, climate and development." Nature Climate Change. DOI: 10.1038/s41558-021-01130-6

[Dekker 2025] Mark M. Dekker, Andries F. Hof, Yann Robiou du Pont, Nicole J. van den Berg, Vassilis Daioglou, Michel G. J. den Elzen, Rik van Heerden, Elena Hooijschuur, Isabela S. Tagomori, Chantal Würschinger, and Detlef P. van Vuuren. "Navigating the black box of fair national emissions targets." Nature Climate Change, 15, 752-759. DOI: 10.1038/s41558-025-02361-7

[Caney 2009] Simon Caney. "Justice and the distribution of greenhouse gas emissions." Journal of Global Ethics. DOI: 10.1080/17449620903110300

[Caney 2010] Simon Caney. "Climate change and the duties of the advantaged." Critical Review of International Social and Political Philosophy. DOI: 10.1080/13698230903326331

[Caney 2018] Simon Caney. "Justice and Posterity." Climate Justice: Integrating Economics and Philosophy (Oxford University Press). DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198813248.003.0009

[Caney 2021] Simon Caney. "Climate Justice." Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.

[Dooley 2021] Kate Dooley, Christian Holz, Sivan Kartha, Sonja Klinsky, J. Timmons Roberts, Henry Shue, Harald Winkler, Tom Athanasiou, Simon Caney, Elizabeth Cripps, Navroz K. Dubash, Galen Hall, Paul G. Harris, Bård Lahn, Darrel Moellendorf, Benito Müller, Ambuj Sagar, and Peter Singer. "Ethical choices behind quantifications of fair contributions under the Paris Agreement." Nature Climate Change. DOI: 10.1038/s41558-021-01015-8

[Heyward 2021] Clare Heyward. "Is the beneficiary pays principle essential in climate justice?." Norsk filosofisk tidsskrift. DOI: 10.18261/issn.1504-2901-2021-02-03-07

[ICJ 2025] International Court of Justice. "Obligations of States in Respect of Climate Change (Advisory Opinion)." ICJ Advisory Opinion.

[Kartha 2018] Sivan Kartha, Tom Athanasiou, Simon Caney, Elizabeth Cripps, Kate Dooley, Navroz K. Dubash, Teng Fei, Paul G. Harris, Christian Holz, Bård Lahn, Darrel Moellendorf, Benito Müller, J. Timmons Roberts, Ambuj Sagar, Henry Shue, Peter Singer, and Harald Winkler. "Cascading biases against poorer countries." Nature Climate Change. DOI: 10.1038/s41558-018-0152-7

[Klinsky 2018] Sonja Klinsky and Harald Winkler. "Building equity in: strategies for integrating equity into modelling for a 1.5C world." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A. DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2016.0461

[Matthews 2016] H. Damon Matthews. "Quantifying historical carbon and climate debts among nations." Nature Climate Change. DOI: 10.1038/NCLIMATE2774

[Meyer 2013] Lukas H. Meyer. "Why Historical Emissions Should Count." Chicago Journal of International Law.

[Morrow 2017] David R. Morrow. "Fairness in Allocating the Global Emissions Budget." Environmental Values. DOI: 10.3197/096327117X15046905490335

[Muttitt 2020] Greg Muttitt and Sivan Kartha. "Equity, climate justice and fossil fuel extraction: principles for a managed phase out." Climate Policy. DOI: 10.1080/14693062.2020.1763900

[Okereke 2016] Chukwumerije Okereke and Philip Coventry. "Climate justice and the international regime: before, during, and after Paris." WIREs Climate Change. DOI: 10.1002/wcc.419

[Pan 2003] Jiahua Pan. "Emissions Rights and their Transferability: Equity Concerns over Climate Change Mitigation." International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics.

[Pelz 2025a] Setu Pelz, Gaurav Ganti, Robin Lamboll, Luke Grant, Chris Smith, Shonali Pachauri, Joeri Rogelj, Keywan Riahi, Wim Thiery, and Matthew J. Gidden. "Using net-zero carbon debt to track climate overshoot responsibility." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2409316122

[Pelz 2025b] Setu Pelz, Gaurav Ganti, Shonali Pachauri, Joeri Rogelj, and Keywan Riahi. "Entry points for assessing 'fair shares' in national mitigation contributions." Environmental Research Letters. DOI: 10.1088/1748-9326/ada45f

[Pickering 2012] Jonathan Pickering and Christian Barry. "On the concept of climate debt: its moral and political value." Critical Review of International Social and Political Philosophy. DOI: 10.1080/13698230.2012.727311

[Rajamani 2021] Lavanya Rajamani, Louise Jeffery, Niklas Höhne, Frederic Hans, Alyssa Glass, Gaurav Ganti, and Andreas Geiges. "National 'fair shares' in reducing greenhouse gas emissions within the principled framework of international environmental law." Climate Policy. DOI: 10.1080/14693062.2021.1970504

[Rajamani 2024] Lavanya Rajamani. "Interpreting the Paris Agreement in its Normative Environment." Current Legal Problems. DOI: 10.1093/clp/cuae011

[Shue 2014] Henry Shue. "Climate Justice: Vulnerability and Protection." Oxford University Press (Book).

[Shue 2015] Henry Shue. "Historical Responsibility, Harm Prohibition, and Preservation Requirement: Core Practical Convergence on Climate Change." Moral Philosophy and Politics. DOI: 10.1515/mopp-2013-0009

[Truccone-Borgogno 2022] Santiago Truccone-Borgogno. "Climate Justice and the Duty of Restitution." Moral Philosophy and Politics. DOI: 10.1515/mopp-2021-0071

[Van Den Berg 2020] Nicole J. van den Berg, Heleen L. van Soest, Andries F. Hof, Michel G. J. den Elzen, Detlef P. van Vuuren, and others. "Implications of various effort-sharing approaches for national carbon budgets and emission pathways." Climatic Change, 162, 1805-1822. DOI: 10.1007/s10584-019-02368-y

[Weber 2026] Konstantin Weber, Cyril Brunner, and Reto Knutti. "Tracking country-level mitigation progress using NGHGI-consistent carbon budgets." Nature Communications. DOI: 10.1038/s41467-026-69078-9

[Winkler 2020] Harald Winkler. "Putting equity into practice in the global stocktake under the Paris Agreement." Climate Policy. DOI: 10.1080/14693062.2019.1680337

[Zimm 2024] Caroline Zimm, Kian Mintz-Woo, Elina Brutschin, Susanne Hanger-Kopp, Roman Hoffmann, Jarmo S. Kikstra, Michael Kuhn, Jihoon Min, Raya Muttarak, Shonali Pachauri, Omkar Patange, Keywan Riahi, and Thomas Schinko. "Justice considerations in climate research." Nature Climate Change. DOI: 10.1038/s41558-023-01869-0